On February 4, 2026, reports from European intelligence and space agencies surfaced detailing a series of aggressive “satellite interceptions” by Russia that have placed NATO’s orbital infrastructure at unprecedented risk.
European security officials believe that at least 17 key European satellites have been shadowed or compromised by Russian signals intelligence (SIGINT) spacecraft over the past three years, sparking fears that Moscow could not only steal classified data but actively hijack the satellites to send them “hurtling back to Earth”.
Putin’s Intercepts: Europe’s Key Satellites Under Siege
The primary actors in this orbital espionage are the Russian satellites Luch-1 (launched in 2014) and Luch-2 (launched in 2023). According to tracking data from the French space situational awareness firm Aldoria, Luch-2 has engaged in risky close-range maneuvers, lingering within 20 to 200 kilometers of sensitive geostationary (GEO) assets for weeks at a time. Major General Michael Traut, head of German Space Command, confirmed that these Russian vehicles are likely intercepting “command links”—the unencrypted communication channels used by older satellites to receive instructions from ground control.
The Hacking Threat: From Espionage to Kinetic Chaos
The vulnerability lies in the legacy nature of many European satellites. Numerous critical assets serving Europe, Africa, and the Middle East were launched years ago without modern onboard encryption or robust cybersecurity protections. Intelligence officials warn that if Russia successfully records and analyzes these unencrypted command sequences, it can perform a “functional kill” on the hardware.
- Trajectory Manipulation: By mimicking a ground station, Russia could send false instructions to a satellite’s thrusters, forcing it out of its correct orbital slot.
- Deliberate Deorbiting: In the most extreme scenario, hijacked commands could be used to burn a satellite’s remaining fuel to lower its perigee, causing it to burn up in the atmosphere or crash uncontrollably into Earth.
- Orbital Collisions: Misaligned satellites could be steered into the path of other high-value assets, potentially triggering a “Kessler Syndrome” debris chain.
Expanding the “Shadow” Constellation
Western agencies are also closely monitoring the newly launched Cosmos 2589 and Cosmos 2590, which reportedly possess similar maneuvering capabilities to the Luch series. These “inspector” satellites are viewed as part of Russia’s broader hybrid warfare strategy, mirroring its sabotage of subsea internet cables on Earth. While the original Luch-1 reportedly fragmented or suffered a propulsion failure in January 2026, the arrival of newer Cosmos units suggests that the Kremlin is doubling down on its ability to hold European space assets hostage.
German Defense Minister Boris Pistorius has warned that satellite networks are the “Achilles’ heel of modern societies,” noting that an attack on these systems could paralyze entire nations by taking out GPS, banking, and secure military communications.
| Targeted Asset Types | SIGINT Risk Level | Potential Consequences |
| Legacy Comms Sats | High (Unencrypted) | Interception of government/military data |
| Civilian TV/Internet | Medium | Service blackouts and trajectory shifts |
| Military Recon | Low (Hardened) | Rendezvous & Proximity surveillance |
| Ground Stations | Critical | Backdoor access to entire con |